Kotlin basic syntax(科特林基本语法)
目录一览:
- Defining packages
- Defining functions
- Defining variables
- Comment
- Using string templates
- Using conditional expressions
- Using nullable values and checking for null
- Using type checks and automatic casts
- Using a for loop
- Using a while loop
- Using when expression
- Using ranges
- Using collections
14 . 创建类以及实例
1、Defining packages(定义包)
package my.demo
import java.util.*
//应该在文件的头部指定包
//....
2、Defining functions(定义函数/方法)
//拥有两个Int类型的参数,以及一个Int的返回类型
fun sum(a: Int, b: Int): Int {
return a + b;
}
//具有表达式主体和推断返回类型的函数:
fun sum(a: Int, b: Int) = a + b;
sum(5,6);//Result = 5+6;
//函数返回没有意义的值(概念同:没有返回值,或返回值为空)
fun sumReturnNoMeaningful(a: Int, b: Int): Unit {
println("sum of a and b is ${a + b}");
}
//可省略的Unit:函数返回没有意义的值(概念同:没有返回值,或返回值为空)
fun sumReturnOmitted(a: Int, b: Int) {
println("sum of a and b is ${a + b}");
}
3、Defining variables(定义属性)
不可变属性(常量,用val修饰)
可变属性(变量,用var修饰)
/*
/*
常量使用val修饰
*/
val a: Int = 1 // 定义一个显式的Int类型的常量a
val b = 2 // 根据2推断出:b是一个Int的常量
val c: Int // 当属性未初始化数据时,此时必须显式地声明属性的类型
println(c);//无法通过编译(在调用属性前需要赋值)
c = 3 // 延期赋值
println(c);//正常通过编译
/*
变量使用var修饰
*/
var x = 5 // 当为属性赋默认值时,编译器可推算出属性的类型
x += 1
println(x);
4、Comment(注释)
同Java、JavaScript,Kotlin支持相同的注释
与Java不同,Kotlin中的块注释可以嵌套。
// This is an end-of-line comment
/* This is a block comment
on multiple lines. */
/*
This is nest block comment->start.
/*
This is first block comment.
*/
/*
This is second block comment.
*/
This is nest block comment->end.
*/
5、Using string templates(使用字符串)
var a = 1
// (任意名称)simple name in template:
val s1 = "a is $a"
a = 2
// (任意表达式)arbitrary expression in template:
val s2 = "${s1.replace("is", "was")}, but now is $a"
6、Using conditional expressions(使用条件表达式)
fun maxOf(a: Int, b: Int): Int {
if (a > b) {
return a
} else {
return b
}
}
fun maxOf(a: Int, b: Int) = if (a > b) a else b
7、Using nullable values and checking for null(使用可为空的值,并检查是否为空)
描述:当null值可能时,必须将引用明确标记为可为空,”?”代表nullable
//如果str不支持Int类型,则返回null
fun parseInt(str: String): Int? {
// ...
}
//
fun printProduct(arg1: String, arg2: String) {
val x = parseInt(arg1)
val y = parseInt(arg2)
// 使用x,y会产生错误,因为他们支持为null,因此执行null校验
if (x != null && y != null) {
// x and y are automatically cast to non-nullable after null check
println(x * y)
}
else {
println("either '$arg1' or '$arg2' is not a number")
}
}
or
// ...
if (x == null) {
println("Wrong number format in arg1: '$arg1'")
return
}
if (y == null) {
println("Wrong number format in arg2: '$arg2'")
return
}
// 在空检查后,x和y会自动转换为不可为空
println(x * y)
8、Using type checks and automatic casts(使用类型检查和自动转换)
fun getStringLength(obj: Any): Int? {
if (obj is String) {
// `obj` is automatically cast to `String` in this branch
//obj 自动转换成 String类型
return obj.length
}
//在转换体外部时,'obj'依然是Any类型
obj//Any type.
return null
}
or
fun getStringLength(obj: Any): Int? {
if (obj !is String) return null
// `obj` is automatically cast to `String` in this branch
return obj.length
}
or even
fun getStringLength(obj: Any): Int? {
// `obj` is automatically cast to `String` on the right-hand side of `&&`
if (obj is String && obj.length > 0) {
return obj.length
}
return null
}
9、Using a for loop(使用for循环)
描述:1、遍历内容(item)
描述:2、遍历索引(index)
/*
遍历元素
*/
val items = listOf("apple", "banana", "kiwifruit")
for (item in items) {
println(item)
}
or
/*
遍历索引
*/
val items = listOf("apple", "banana", "kiwifruit")
for (index in items.indices) {
println("item at $index is ${items[index]}")
}
10、Using a while loop(使用while循环)
/*
While 循环
*/
val items = listOf("apple", "banana", "kiwifruit")
var index = 0
while (index < items.size) {
println("item at $index is ${items[index]}")
index++
}
11、Using when expression(使用when表达式)
/*
传入参数类型:Any,返回值参数类型:String
*/
fun describe(obj: Any): String =
when (obj) {
1 -> "One"
"Hello" -> "Greeting"
is Long -> "Long"
!is String -> "Not a string"
else -> "Unknown"
}
//调用函数
val result: String = describe(1);
12、Using ranges(区间)
描述:1、检查是否在区间内
描述:2、检查是否超出区间
描述:3、在区间内进行遍历
检查数是否在区间中
/*
检查数是否在区间中
*/
val x = 10
val y = 9
if (x in 1..y+1) {
println("fits in range")
}
检查是否超出区间
/*
检查是否超出区间
*/
val list = listOf("a", "b", "c")
if (-1 !in 0..list.lastIndex) {
println("-1 is out of range")
}
if (list.size !in list.indices) {
println("list size is out of valid list indices range, too")
}
在区间内进行迭代、遍历
/*
在区间范围内迭代、遍历
*/
for (x in 1..5) {
print(x)
}
for (x in 1..10 step 2) {
print(x)
}
println()
for (x in 9 downTo 0 step 3) {
print(x)
}
13、Using collections(使用集合)
描述:1、迭代集合
描述:2、检查集合是否包含某对象
描述:3、使用lambda表达式过滤集合
迭代集合(Iterating over a collection:)
for (item in items) {
println(item)
}
检查集合是否包含某对象(Checking if a collection contains an object using in operator:)
when {
"orange" in items -> println("juicy")
"apple" in items -> println("apple is fine too")
}
使用lambda表达式过滤集合(Using lambda expressions to filter and map collections:)
val fruits = listOf("banana", "avocado", "apple", "kiwifruit")
fruits
.filter { it.startsWith("a") }
.sortedBy { it }
.map { it.toUpperCase() }
.forEach { println(it) }
14、创建类以及实例
val rectangle = Rectangle(5.0, 2.0) //no 'new' keyword required
val triangle = Triangle(3.0, 4.0, 5.0)